Concurrent Observable State Updates

Problem

When multiple threads update shared state and publish to observables (reactive values, UI state, etc.), several concurrency bugs can occur:

1. Stale overwrites: Thread A reads state, Thread B updates and publishes newer state, then Thread A publishes its stale snapshot, overwriting B's correct state
2. Event drops: Using version numbers to skip stale state updates also skips the associated events, losing notifications of things that actually happened
3. Lock order inversion: Taking a version/state mutex before a frame/transaction lock creates deadlock risk with code paths that hold frame lock first
4. Frame incoherence: Events and state updates in separate frames cause subscribers to see inconsistent snapshots

Context / Trigger Conditions

• Multiple worker threads completing tasks and updating shared state
• FRP/reactive systems where state changes trigger observable updates
• Worker pools, task queues, or concurrent job processors
• Symptoms: missing events, state showing older values, occasional deadlocks

Solution

1. Use Monotonic Version Numbers

Add a version counter to your state that increments on every mutation:

structure State where
  data : ...
  version : Nat := 0  -- Monotonically increasing

Every atomic state mutation must increment the version:

atomically do
  let newVersion := state.version + 1
  let newState := { state with ..., version := newVersion }
  set newState
  return (newState, newVersion)

2. Separate Event Firing from State Version Checks

Critical insight: Events represent things that happened and must NEVER be dropped. Version checks should only gate observable/state updates, not events.

let updateWithEvent := fun (state, version, fireEvent) =>
  withFrame do
    -- ALWAYS fire events first - they happened, notify subscribers
    fireEvent

    -- THEN check version for state updates only
    let shouldUpdateState ← versionMutex.atomically do
      if version > lastPublishedVersion then
        set version
        return true
      else
        return false

    if shouldUpdateState then
      updateObservables state

3. Consistent Lock Ordering

Always acquire frame/transaction lock BEFORE any other mutexes:

-- CORRECT: Frame lock first, then version mutex inside
withFrame do
  fireEvent
  versionMutex.atomically do ...  -- Brief, inside frame

-- WRONG: Version mutex first creates lock inversion risk
versionMutex.atomically do ...
withFrame do ...  -- Can deadlock with code already in frame

4. Atomic State Modifications Return New State

Don't read state separately from modifying it - return the new state from the atomic block:

-- CORRECT: Modification returns the state to publish
let (newState, version) ← stateMutex.atomically do
  let modified := { currentState with ... }
  set modified
  return (modified, modified.version)
publishState newState version

-- WRONG: Separate read can see other threads' changes
stateMutex.atomically do modify ...
let state ← stateMutex.atomically do get  -- May include other changes!
publishState state

Verification

1. No event drops: Every completed operation fires its event, even if state update is skipped
2. Monotonic state: Observable state version never decreases
3. No deadlocks: All code paths acquire locks in same order (frame → version)
4. Eventually consistent: Final observable state matches final mutex state

Example

Worker pool with concurrent job completions:

-- Worker completes job
let (newState, version) ← stateMutex.atomically do
  if generation == expectedGeneration then
    let state' := { state with
      running := state.running.erase jobId,
      statuses := state.statuses.insert jobId .completed,
      version := state.version + 1
    }
    set state'
    return some (state', state'.version)
  else
    return none

match result with
| some (state, ver) =>
    -- Frame first, then version check inside
    withFrame do
      -- Always fire completion event
      fireCompleted (jobId, result)

      -- Only update observables if latest version
      let shouldUpdate ← versionMutex.atomically do
        if ver > lastPublished then
          set ver; return true
        else return false

      if shouldUpdate then
        updateJobStates state.statuses
        updateCounts state.pending.size state.running.size
| none => pure ()

Notes

• Trade-off: When an event fires, observable state might not yet reflect that event if a newer version was already published. But events carry complete data, so subscribers have what they need.
• State is eventually consistent: The latest state will be published; only intermediate stale states are skipped.
• Events are point-in-time: They represent discrete occurrences, so they must always fire.
• Observables are latest-value: They represent current state, so stale values should be skipped.

Anti-patterns

1. Skipping events with state: if versionOk then { updateState; fireEvent } loses events
2. Lock inversion: Taking state/version mutex before frame lock
3. Separate state reads: Reading state in one atomic block, publishing in another
4. Blocking in frame: Holding frame lock while doing slow operations